African American and Hispanic adults with Type 2 diabetes covered by Alabama Medicaid were less likely than white adults to have follow-up visits after heart failure hospitalization, finds new study in the Journal of the American Heart Association
Research Highlights:
- 58% of adults with Type 2 diabetes covered by Alabama Medicaid did not receive prompt outpatient care after hospitalization for heart failure.
- African American and Hispanic adults with Type 2 diabetes were less likely to have post-discharge follow-up health visits, or if they did, the visits occurred nearly two to three days later compared to white adults.
Embargoed until 4 a.m. CT/5 a.m. ET Wednesday, June 7, 2023
DALLAS, June 7, 2023 — More than half of Medicaid-covered adults in Alabama with Type 2 diabetes did not receive follow-up health care within the recommended two-week period following hospitalization for newly-diagnosed heart failure, according to new research. The analysis, published today in the Journal of the American Heart Association, an open access, peer-reviewed journal of the American Heart Association, found worse follow up for African American and Hispanic adults.
The large, racially diverse study also found that African American adults and Hispanic adults were less likely to see a primary care doctor after leaving the hospital compared to similar white adults. When African American adults and Hispanic adults had a follow-up visit, it was about two to three days later than their white peers.
People with Type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of developing heart failure requiring hospitalization. The American Heart Association’s guidelines recommend patients hospitalized with heart failure have outpatient follow-up 7-14 days after leaving the hospital.
Alabama, the sixth poorest state in the U.S., is also home to the third-highest number of people diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. The state also has the highest rates of heart failure hospitalizations and cardiovascular death in the country. Obesity and Type 2 diabetes are among the risk factors for heart failure and disproportionally affect people with low socioeconomic status, which increases the risk for heart failure, according to previous studies.
The study’s findings “likely demonstrates system-related factors, such as problems in the transitions of care between hospitals and clinics, and also structural racism that exists in the health care system,” said lead study author Yulia Khodneva, M.D, Ph.D., an assistant professor of medicine and primary care physician at the University of Alabama School of Medicine in Birmingham.
“The study underscores a necessity to develop interventions that will facilitate guideline-directed treatment and care for patients with Type 2 diabetes and heart failure, especially for those with Medicaid or people of underrepresented races and ethnicities,” she said.
The analysis found most follow-up visits were well beyond the guideline-stated standard of care:
- 31% had a medical visit between the third week and up to two months after hospital discharge;
- almost 27% did not see a doctor during the 60 days of the study observation period; and
- individuals who had no health care clinic visits within 60 days of hospital discharge were more likely, in general, to be men, African American adults, or Hispanic or other adults.
“Hopefully, this study will trigger additional, more in-depth studies that may help to explain the reasons for these observed racial disparities and help in the development of interventions to promote prompt follow-up for these patients,” Khodneva said.
Because the study was conducted in Alabama, the results may not be applicable to other U.S. states. Additionally, the research did not include people without Medicaid coverage or commercial insurance plans for comparison.
Study design:
- Researchers reviewed data on more than 9,800 adults (average age 53 years; 65% women; 35% men) with Type 2 diabetes and first-time hospitalizations for heart failure covered by Alabama Medicaid between 2010 and 2019.
- More than 47% of the people in the analysis were African American adults; about 42% were Non-Hispanic white adults; and 11% were categorized as Hispanic or Asian, Native American or Pacific Islander adults or other. Racial identification was based on self-reported information from patients to Medicaid.
- Nearly 20% of the participants lived in a rural area, and more than 80% lived in an urban city or small town. Disability was the reason for Medicaid eligibility in 92% of cases.
- Researchers analyzed Medicaid claims for clinic visits after hospital release for follow-up in primary care and specialty care, such as cardiology or endocrinology, within 60 days of hospital discharge.
Co-authors and authors’ disclosures are listed in the manuscript. The study was funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, a division of the National Institutes of Health; the University of Alabama (UAB) Diabetes Research Center; the UAB COVID-19 Caregiving Affected Early-career Research Scientists Retention Program; and the Forge Ahead Center.
Studies published in the American Heart Association’s scientific journals are peer-reviewed. The statements and conclusions in each manuscript are solely those of the study authors and do not necessarily reflect the Association’s policy or position. The Association makes no representation or guarantee as to their accuracy or reliability. The Association receives funding primarily from individuals; foundations and corporations (including pharmaceutical, device manufacturers and other companies) also make donations and fund specific Association programs and events. The Association has strict policies to prevent these relationships from influencing the science content. Revenues from pharmaceutical and biotech companies, device manufacturers and health insurance providers and the Association’s overall financial information are available here.
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