Heavy smoking can increase the risk of death in men diagnosed with prostate cancer
Cigarette smoking has been associated with an increased risk of fatal prostate cancer, with heavy smokers at a 24%-30% greater risk of death from prostate cancer than nonsmokers.
Smoking does not appear to increase the risk of developing low-grade prostate cancer, which is relatively curable and can be monitored for progression before starting treatment. However, it increases your chances of cancer progressing after diagnosis and dying from aggressive prostate cancer.
How does smoking affect the prostate?
Cigarette smoking may affect the prostate by changing circulating levels of steroid hormones in the body. Male smokers have been shown to have higher amounts of circulating androsterone and testosterone, which could raise prostate cancer risk or contribute to cancer development.
There are two distinct processes by which smoking affects the prostate:
Hormones
Smoking leads to higher levels of bioavailable testosterone and lower levels of bioavailable estradiol in men.
Some studies found significant positive correlations between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and serum total androstenedione, as well as total and free testosterone in men. This is significant because testosterone and the more potent metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are necessary for normal prostate development and growth. It may enhance cell proliferation in the prostate, which potentially could be associated with malignant transformation.
Conversely, estrogens act on the hypothalamus and pituitary to suppress the secretion of gonadotropins, which may reduce testicular androgen production.
Effectively, cigarette smoking may establish a hormonal environment that is favorable for the development or progression of prostate cancer.
Cadmium
Cigarettes contain significant levels of cadmium, which has been linked to prostate carcinogenesis.
Cadmium was classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 1993. Although cadmium is not directly mutagenic in the prostate, it has been proven to cause prostate cancer indirectly through interacting with the androgen receptor. In the absence of testosterone but in the presence of the androgen receptor, cadmium activates the androgen receptor response in human prostate cancer cell lines.
Cadmium enhances androgen-mediated transcriptional activity in the prostate when used in conjunction with androgen. Chronic cadmium exposure in rats has been shown to induce prostate tumors in the presence of normal testicular function. Therefore, chronic smoking in men with otherwise normal testicular function and androgen levels may effectively increase their androgen exposure through the interaction of cadmium with the androgen receptor. Over the long term, their risk of developing prostate cancer increases.
Either or both mechanisms could support an association between cigarette smoking and prostate cancer.
Medically Reviewed on 6/28/2022
References
Huncharek M, Haddock KS, Reid R, Kupelnick B. Smoking as a risk factor for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 24 prospective cohort studies. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(4):693-701. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836346/
Worthington JF. The Connection Between Smoking and Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer Foundation. https://www.pcf.org/c/the-connection-between-smoking-and-prostate-cancer/
Plaskon LA, Penson DF, Vaughan TL, Stanford JL. Cigarette smoking and risk of prostate cancer in middle-aged men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003 Jul;12(7):604-9. https://aacrjournals.org/cebp/article/12/7/604/167873/Cigarette-Smoking-and-Risk-of-Prostate-Cancer-in
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